# /// script # dependencies = [ # "nflreadpy", # "polars", # "requests", # ] # /// """Build a CSV of NFL stadium locations and elevations. Geocodes every distinct `game_stadium` value in the play-by-play data via Nominatim, looks up elevation via Open-Elevation, and produces two groupings per row: - `canonical_venue`: same physical *site* (used for the elevation join / post-hoc correlation check against the stadium random effect). - `building`: same physical *building* (used as the random effect's grouping key itself) - splits apart cases where `canonical_venue` merges two different, demolished-and-rebuilt buildings on the same site. Bare-name geocoding produces confidently wrong matches for names that collide with unrelated places (e.g. "Nissan Stadium" -> Yokohama, Japan; "Giants Stadium" -> Indianapolis). KNOWN_BAD_ALIASES and MANUAL_HINTS below were built by manually cross-checking every result against known NFL stadium history - don't trust a re-run's geocode results without doing the same. """ import time import nflreadpy as nfl import polars as pl import requests OUTPUT_PATH = "stadiums.csv" HEADERS = {"User-Agent": "fg-irt-blog-research/1.0 (elevation lookup for stadium random effect validation)"} # disambiguation hints for names that are ambiguous or international GEOCODE_HINTS = { "Allianz Arena": "Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany", "Arena Corinthians": "Arena Corinthians, Sao Paulo, Brazil", "Azteca Stadium": "Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico", "Deutsche Bank Park": "Deutsche Bank Park, Frankfurt, Germany", "Rogers Centre": "Rogers Centre, Toronto, Canada", "Tottenham Stadium": "Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, London, UK", "Twickenham Stadium": "Twickenham Stadium, London, UK", "Wembley Stadium": "Wembley Stadium, London, UK", "The Coliseum": "Oakland Coliseum, Oakland, CA, USA", "Memorial Stadium (Champaign)": "Memorial Stadium, Champaign, Illinois, USA", "Tiger Stadium (LSU)": "Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA", "Husky Stadium": "Husky Stadium, Seattle, Washington, USA", "Sun Devil Stadium": "Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona, USA", } # aliases whose own geocode is verified wrong (name collision with an unrelated # place) - never trust these, always fall through to another alias or a # CANONICAL_HINTS override KNOWN_BAD_ALIASES = { "Candlestick Park", "Dolphin Stadium", "Giants Stadium", "Nissan Stadium", "Georgia Dome", "Edward Jones Dome", "O.co Coliseum", "Texas Stadium", "Veterans Stadium", "Monster Park", } # canonical_venue (same physical site) -> aliases sharing that site CANONICAL_GROUPS = { "Candlestick Park (SF)": ["Candlestick Park", "3Com Park", "Monster Park"], "MetLife Stadium site (East Rutherford, NJ)": ["MetLife Stadium", "Giants Stadium", "New Meadowlands Stadium"], "Dome at America's Center (St. Louis)": ["Dome at America's Center", "Edward Jones Dome", "TWA Dome"], "Atlanta dome site": ["Mercedes-Benz Stadium", "Georgia Dome"], "Louisiana Superdome (New Orleans)": ["Louisiana Superdome", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome"], "Oakland Coliseum": [ "Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum", "The Coliseum", "McAfee Coliseum", "Network Associates Coliseum", "O.co Coliseum", "Ring Central Coliseum", ], "Hard Rock Stadium (Miami Gardens)": ["Hard Rock Stadium", "Pro Player Stadium", "Dolphin Stadium", "Sun Life Stadium"], "Nissan Stadium (Nashville)": ["LP Field", "Adelphia Coliseum", "Nissan Stadium"], "Jacksonville stadium": ["Jacksonville Municipal Stadium", "Alltel Stadium", "EverBank Field", "TIAA Bank Stadium"], "Paycor Stadium (Cincinnati)": ["Paycor Stadium", "Paul Brown Stadium"], "Acrisure Stadium (Pittsburgh)": ["Acrisure Stadium", "Heinz Field", "Three Rivers Stadium"], "Cleveland stadium": ["Cleveland Browns Stadium", "FirstEnergy Stadium"], "Bank of America Stadium (Charlotte)": ["Bank of America Stadium", "Ericsson Stadium"], "Buffalo stadium": ["New Era Field", "Ralph Wilson Stadium"], "M&T Bank Stadium (Baltimore)": ["M&T Bank Stadium", "Ravens Stadium", "PSINet Stadium"], "FedExField (Landover, MD)": ["FedExField", "Jack Kent Cooke Stadium"], "Mile High site (Denver)": [ "Empower Field at Mile High", "Invesco Field at Mile High", "Mile High Stadium", "Sports Authority Field at Mile High", ], "U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis)": ["U.S. Bank Stadium", "Mall of America Field", "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome"], "NRG Stadium (Houston)": ["NRG Stadium", "Reliant Stadium"], "Lumen Field (Seattle)": ["Lumen Field", "CenturyLink Field", "Qwest Field", "Seahawks Stadium", "Seattle Kingdome"], "Arrowhead Stadium (Kansas City)": ["Arrowhead Stadium", "GEHA Field at Arrowhead Stadium"], "AT&T Stadium (Arlington, TX)": ["AT&T Stadium", "Cowboys Stadium"], "Lincoln Financial Field (Philadelphia)": ["Lincoln Financial Field", "Veterans Stadium"], "Gillette Stadium (Foxborough)": ["Gillette Stadium", "Foxboro Stadium"], "State Farm Stadium (Glendale, AZ)": ["State Farm Stadium", "University of Phoenix Stadium"], "Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis)": ["Lucas Oil Stadium", "RCA Dome"], "Texas Stadium (Irving, TX)": ["Texas Stadium"], "Alamo Dome (San Antonio)": ["Alamo Dome"], "Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego)": ["Qualcomm Stadium"], "Cinergy Field (Cincinnati)": ["Cinergy Field"], } # manual, well-documented queries for aliases with no usable sibling geocode CANONICAL_HINTS = { "Candlestick Park (SF)": "Candlestick Point, San Francisco, California, USA", "Dome at America's Center (St. Louis)": "America's Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA", "Buffalo stadium": "Highmark Stadium, Orchard Park, New York, USA", "FedExField (Landover, MD)": "Northwest Stadium, Landover, Maryland, USA", "Texas Stadium (Irving, TX)": "Irving, Texas, USA", "Alamo Dome (San Antonio)": "Alamodome, San Antonio, Texas, USA", "Cinergy Field (Cincinnati)": "Great American Ball Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA", # same riverfront site } # canonical_venue -> {building: [aliases]}, for groups that span >1 physical # building (demolished-and-rebuilt on the same site); everything else keeps # its canonical_venue as a single building BUILDING_SPLITS = { "MetLife Stadium site (East Rutherford, NJ)": { "New Meadowlands Stadium": ["MetLife Stadium", "New Meadowlands Stadium"], "Giants Stadium": ["Giants Stadium"], }, "Atlanta dome site": { "Mercedes-Benz Stadium": ["Mercedes-Benz Stadium"], "Georgia Dome": ["Georgia Dome"], }, "Acrisure Stadium (Pittsburgh)": { "Heinz Field": ["Acrisure Stadium", "Heinz Field"], "Three Rivers Stadium": ["Three Rivers Stadium"], }, "Mile High site (Denver)": { "Invesco Field at Mile High": [ "Empower Field at Mile High", "Invesco Field at Mile High", "Sports Authority Field at Mile High", ], "Mile High Stadium": ["Mile High Stadium"], }, "U.S. Bank Stadium (Minneapolis)": { "U.S. Bank Stadium": ["U.S. Bank Stadium"], "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome": ["Mall of America Field", "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome"], }, "Lumen Field (Seattle)": { "Seahawks Stadium": ["Lumen Field", "CenturyLink Field", "Qwest Field", "Seahawks Stadium"], "Seattle Kingdome": ["Seattle Kingdome"], }, "Lincoln Financial Field (Philadelphia)": { "Lincoln Financial Field": ["Lincoln Financial Field"], "Veterans Stadium": ["Veterans Stadium"], }, "Gillette Stadium (Foxborough)": { "Gillette Stadium": ["Gillette Stadium"], "Foxboro Stadium": ["Foxboro Stadium"], }, "Lucas Oil Stadium (Indianapolis)": { "Lucas Oil Stadium": ["Lucas Oil Stadium"], "RCA Dome": ["RCA Dome"], }, } # canonical_venue key -> the first name the structure actually went by, # for non-split groups where the alias list's first entry isn't the first # chronological name (only groups that need overriding are listed here; # groups not listed default to their first alias, which is correct for them) BUILDING_FIRST_NAME = { "Dome at America's Center (St. Louis)": "TWA Dome", "Hard Rock Stadium (Miami Gardens)": "Pro Player Stadium", "Nissan Stadium (Nashville)": "Adelphia Coliseum", "Paycor Stadium (Cincinnati)": "Paul Brown Stadium", "Bank of America Stadium (Charlotte)": "Ericsson Stadium", "Buffalo stadium": "Ralph Wilson Stadium", "M&T Bank Stadium (Baltimore)": "Ravens Stadium", "FedExField (Landover, MD)": "Jack Kent Cooke Stadium", "AT&T Stadium (Arlington, TX)": "Cowboys Stadium", "State Farm Stadium (Glendale, AZ)": "University of Phoenix Stadium", "NRG Stadium (Houston)": "Reliant Stadium", } def geocode(query): resp = requests.get( "https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search", params={"q": query, "format": "json", "limit": 1}, headers=HEADERS, timeout=10, ) data = resp.json() if data: return float(data[0]["lat"]), float(data[0]["lon"]) return None, None def geocode_all_aliases(names): results = {} for name in names: query = GEOCODE_HINTS.get(name, name) lat, lon = geocode(query) time.sleep(1.1) if lat is None and name not in GEOCODE_HINTS: lat, lon = geocode(f"{name}, USA") time.sleep(1.1) results[name] = None if name in KNOWN_BAD_ALIASES else (lat, lon) return results def resolve_canonical_coords(alias_coords): coords = {} for canonical, aliases in CANONICAL_GROUPS.items(): lat = lon = None for a in aliases: r = alias_coords.get(a) if r is not None: lat, lon = r break if lat is None: lat, lon = geocode(CANONICAL_HINTS[canonical]) time.sleep(1.1) coords[canonical] = (lat, lon) return coords def fetch_elevations(canonical_coords): names = list(canonical_coords) locations = [{"latitude": lat, "longitude": lon} for lat, lon in canonical_coords.values()] resp = requests.post( "https://api.open-elevation.com/api/v1/lookup", json={"locations": locations}, timeout=60, ) resp.raise_for_status() elevations_m = [r["elevation"] for r in resp.json()["results"]] return dict(zip(names, elevations_m)) def build_building_map(): building_of = {} for canonical, aliases in CANONICAL_GROUPS.items(): if canonical in BUILDING_SPLITS: for building, split_aliases in BUILDING_SPLITS[canonical].items(): first_name = BUILDING_FIRST_NAME.get(building, building) for a in split_aliases: building_of[a] = first_name else: first_name = BUILDING_FIRST_NAME.get(canonical, aliases[0]) for a in aliases: building_of[a] = first_name return building_of def main(): pbp = nfl.load_pbp(seasons=True) stadium_names = ( pbp.select("game_stadium").unique().drop_nulls().sort("game_stadium")["game_stadium"].to_list() ) grouped = {a for aliases in CANONICAL_GROUPS.values() for a in aliases} for name in stadium_names: if name not in grouped: CANONICAL_GROUPS[name] = [name] alias_coords = geocode_all_aliases(stadium_names) canonical_coords = resolve_canonical_coords(alias_coords) elevations_m = fetch_elevations(canonical_coords) building_of = build_building_map() rows = [] for canonical, aliases in CANONICAL_GROUPS.items(): lat, lon = canonical_coords[canonical] elev_m = elevations_m[canonical] for alias in aliases: rows.append({ "game_stadium": alias, "building": building_of[alias], "canonical_venue": canonical, "lat": lat, "lon": lon, "elevation_m": round(elev_m, 1), "elevation_ft": round(elev_m * 3.28084, 1), }) df = pl.DataFrame(rows).sort("elevation_ft", descending=True) df.write_csv(OUTPUT_PATH) print(f"wrote {df.shape[0]} rows, {df['building'].n_unique()} buildings, {df['canonical_venue'].n_unique()} venues") if __name__ == "__main__": main()